Management

                                  MANAGEMENT

                                             

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Meaning OF MANAGEMENT

Management is essential for every type of organisation. both business or non business, big or small organisations need management to achieve their goals.Management is a process which includes a number of function required for organising the activities properly. The organisation have grown successfully with proper management.

Few examples are:-

1. Microsoft of U.S.A  became a famous IT company in the world market for mobile sets .
2. Steve jobs promoted and managed Infosys and made it most successful IT company.
3. Due to managerial efficiency of Azeem Premji, WIPRO has name his computer industry.
4. The reliance industries,Suzuki,Tata etc. have grown because of efficient management of these companies.

Managers perform a series of activities for managing the organisations properly.Management is a universal phenomenon and is not restricted to business organisations only. It is equally performed in profit-making businesses or Non-profit organisations such as educational institutes,hospital,clubs etc.

Concept of Management

Management is defined differently by different authors.In order to understand its concept we must understand its meaning. For a proper understandings we will study the traditional and modern concepts of management.

Traditional concept of Management
➧ "Management is the art of getting things done through others.''   -----------( Mary Parker Follett )
➧ "Management is the art of getting things done through and with the help of people in formally organised group."                                                                               ------------( Harold koonz )

Modern Concept of Management
Management is an activity which is necessary wherever there is a group of people working is an organisation. Though people is an organisation have diverse function but their aim to achieve same goals.

Definitions by Different Authors
➧  "To manage is to forecast and plain,to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control."
                                                                                                                                     ( Henry Fayol )

➧"Management is the art of knowing exactly what you want your men to do and their seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way."                                                 -------( James L. Lundury )

➧ "Management is the co-ordination of all resources through the process of plannng,organising,directing and controlling n order to attain started objectives."---( F.W. Taylor )

➧ "Management is the process by which a co-operative group directs action of others towards common goals."                                                                                    -------( Marrie and Douglas )

Characterstics or Features of Management
Following are the characterstics or features of management

1. Management is goal oriented process:- The aim of  the management is to achieve organisational objectives. All the efforts to the manager will be directed to reach the goals. The function and activities undertaken by employees will help in achieving organisational objectives. For examples, if the goal is to produce 20,000 unit of a product in a month ,then the manager will be motivate the employees and will organise the resources in such a way that the target of production is reached in time. 
2. Management is pervasive:- Management is a universal phenomenon. The use of management is not restricted to firms only, it is applicable to profit-making, non profit-making, non business organisations as well, such as schools, universities,hospital,clubs, etc. The concept of management is used in all countries of the world, whether it is India,U.K.,or U.S.A.
3. Management is a continuous process:- Management is a continuous or never ending function. All function of management are performed continuously. The function of planning,organising,staffing,directing and controlling are carried out by all the managers all the time. Sometimes it may be planning, then it be staffing or directing and so on. So management activity is taken up continuously in an organisation.
4. Management is a Group Activity:-  Management refers to a group of person involved in managerial activities.Different individual are assigned different activities and they performed their roles. The combined effort of various person  help an organisation to reach its goals. Even the result of management effects every individual and every department. So management is a group acting involving person in the organisation. 
5. Management is a Dynamics Function:- Management has to change as per the requirements of the environment, both internal as well as external. There may be need to change goals, objectives, policies and other activities according to the changes in environment. The external factors such as social, economics, political, technical has great influence on the management. As the change take place in the environment these will have to be implemented in the organisation for sharing in the competitive world.
6. Management is intangible:-  Management can be felt but not seen. If the things are going as per plan then it will be a case of good management. On the other hand, it there is a confusion about carrying out of different activities then it may be due to lack of coordination and is a case of mismanagement. For example, the production department is not able to produce goods as per the orders and sales department is complaining of orders not meeting in time.It is a clear case of lack of co-ordination among department and is example of bad management.
7. Management is Composite Process:-  Management is a composite process of number of function. The function are interdependent and inter-linked to each other and will performed is a sequences. The managerial function may be described as planning, organising, staffing,directing and controlling, the organising function cannot be performed before planning and directing function cannot be executed without staffing and planning.So management is a composite process of various managerial function.
8. Balancing Effectiveness and efficiency:- Management is the act of balancing effectiveness and efficiency for better results. Effectiveness means achieving targets on time and efficiency refers to the optimum utilisation of resources. Neither effectiveness alone nor efficiency alone will give good result, a balance between the two will help on achieving the targets.

Objectives of Management

Objectives are the goals towards the achievement of which every component of the company works. The objective also became the yardstick for the measurement of efficiency of the organaisation.

The managerial goals may be classified into following categories

1. Organisational Objectives
2. Individual objectives
3. Social objectives

1. Organisational Objectives:-  Organisational objectives aim at the growth and prosperity of the business. It is generally said that profit maximisation is the only objectives of a business but this is not correct. Every management aims to achieve a number of objectives which help it in reducing cost,increasing efficiency and bringing profitability and prosperity to the organsisation.

The Organisational objectives may be described as Follows: 

• Survival:- Every organisation will first aim to survive in the market in the face of competitions. It should try to cover cost and earn reasonable profit for survival.
• Growth:- Every organisation tries to grow and expand its activities. The growth may be measured by increase in number of employees,increase in profit,etc
• Profitability:- The profit is the reward for risk bearing by a businessman. Profit is also essential for survival,growth and expansion. Profit maximisation should not be at the cost of consumers exploitation.Reasonable profits should always be aimed by an organisation.

2. Social Objectives:-  Social objectives deal with the commitment of a business towards society. A business uses resources of the society and earns profits out of it. It is the duty of a business to contribute for the welfare of the society.

The main social objectives are:

1. Supply of quality goods at reasonable prices. 
2. Generation of economics wealth.
3. Creating employment opportunities for people.
4. Financial support to community.
5. Contribution towards civil amenities.
6. Organising educational,health and vocational training programmes for people.
7. Using environment friendly methods of production.
8. Participating in social welfare of production.

3. Personal Objectives/Individual Objectives/Human Objectives:- Individual or personal objectives are related to the employees are the most important resources of every company. Motivated and Satisfied employees will always perform better and contribute maximum for the organisation.

1. Competitive salaries.
2. Avenues for personal development (promotion,incentives,training, etc)
3. personal recognition (self-respect and recognition by management)
4. social recognition.
5. better and healthy working condition.

workers will take more interest in work if their personal objectives are taken care of by the management.Management should integrate the personal/Individual Objectives of the employees with organisational objectives.

•  Importance of Management

Management is necessary to run every organisation successfully. Management is important for the following reason.

1. Help in Achieving Business Goals:- Management helps individuals in the organisation to achieve business goals by directing their energies in that direction. It brings human and material resources and mobilises them to help in achieving goals.
2. Management improves Efficiency:-Management plans to use various resources in such a way that wastages are minimised and productivity is improved. The efficiency and Effectiveness is achieved through various managerial function.
3. Management creates a Dynamics Organisation:-Every organisation operates in the changing business environment.It is essential to make adjustment as per the requirement of changes. Employees generally resist change. Management motivates the employees in such a way that they are willing to adopt changes as per the requirement of the time. Management will convince employees that changes as per the requirement of the time. Management will convince employees that changes is not only beneficial for the organisational but will also benefit them.
4. Management help in Achieving Individual Objectives:-,Management will help in integrating the personal goals of employees with that of organisational objectives.The individual and organisational goals are generally in same direction and management has to adjust them in a such a way that both employees and organisations benefits. For Examples, The employees want to earn more. If the productivity in the organisation will benefit from it.
5. Management Brings Harmony in work:-The employees in the organisation come from different sections of society, with varied social backgrounds and different styles of work. If every employees works in his own way then there will be a chaos in the organisation.A good management will guide employees properly and co-ordinate their activities in such a way that there is a harmony in the organisation. 

Function of management 
Every management, irrespective of the nature, type and size of the organisation, has to perform the following managerial function.

1. Planning:Planing is a basic managerial function. It is a decision in advance, what to do, when to do,how to do and who will to do a particular task. Planing is a process which involves 'thinking before doing'.It is concerned with the mental state of a manager. He think before undertaking a work. Other function of management are undertaken after planing. Planing involves selection of organisational objectives and developing policies,procedure,programmes,budgets and strategies.
2. Organising: Every business enterprise needs the services of a number of person to look after its different aspects. The function of organisation is to arrange, guide,co-ordination,direct and control the activities of various person working to achieve organisational goals.Organisational provides the necessary framework within which people associate for attainment of business objectives.
3. Staffing:It involves managing the position created by organisational process. Staffing is related to recruiting, selecting,appointing,the employees and assigning them duties.It also maintains cordial relations among employees,fixing their remuneration, evaluating their performance, etc. also from part of duties of staffing function.
4. Directing:Once the employees are appointed, there is a need to direct their activities for undertaking organisational work. Directing is concerned with carrying out the desired plans. It initiates organised and planned action and ensures effectives performance by subordinates towards the accomplishment of group activities. Directing is also concerned with giving instructions to employees, motivating them to improve their performance, supervising various activities, and communicating with them. A manager also provides leadership to the subordinates for co-ordinating their activities.
5. Controlling:Planing of various activities does not ensure automatic implementation of policies. control is the process which enables management to get its policies implemented and take correctives actions if performance is not according to predetermined standards.control is executed at various level of management.The main purpose of control is to see that desired result are achieved. A control system must conform to the nature of activity,report deviations promptly, assure corrective action and be economical.